Review: Nightmare Over Ragged Hollow

Last year I ran Nightmare Over Ragged Hollow (also known in a different iteration as Ragged Hollow Nightmare). I will refer to it as NORH going forward. I previously discussed part of this adventure in my rats-in-the-basement post. 

This review is intended for DMs who might run the adventure. I would recommend readers skip this post if they think there’s any chance they’ll see this adventure from the player perspective, as the review will definitely spoil some aspects of the book. 

What It Is

NORH is an Old-School Essentials adventure for low-level characters. It exists in the same space as The Black Wyrm of Brandesford or Blackapple Burgh; a small rural region, compliant with D&D tropes, but with some classic fairy tale energy. A brief introduction explains some of the tenets of old-school play for the uninitiated. 

What Works

Fast start. The premise of the adventure is that a golden dome has mysteriously sealed much of the titular town’s populace in the local temple. The people who would typically deal with such problems are among those trapped inside. The adventurers are the most capable people left outside. This is your call to adventure. 

Grounded PCs. The PCs are locals who have returned from a local tradition akin to a rumspringa. They’re from Ragged Hollow, so they’re invested in what is happening, but they also have adventurer skills they presumably picked up on their travels. It strikes a good balance between believable PCs and player discretion in creating characters.

Good NPCs. The NPCs have nice little bits of detail, but are open-ended enough to run. Favorites of mine included the goblin Croaker, Beatrix, and Master Neven the satyr (fun to do with a Matt Berry-style voice). The NPC adventuring party has a lot of personality and was a hit with the players. They also attached themselves to Joanna, Keegan, and several other town NPCs, who are easy to personify based on the concise details provided. The goblins are particularly well-done as a troublemaking faction who can be fought or befriended, as the PCs see fit.

Complications and opportunities among the survivors. NPCs rescued from the temple present a range of opportunities and threats. Some are likely to get in the party’s way, while others could be good hirelings. You could imagine turning this adventure upside down, letting the players play the people trapped inside, and running it as a funnel.

Escalation. Things get worse as more time passes and the adventure’s McGuffin ratchets up the titular nightmare. The temple bell sounds each night at midnight, indicating the number of survivors trapped in the temple. This provides a nice player-facing clock, and provides that Strict Time Records energy without requiring the DM to explicitly signpost it. 

Presentation. The editing and language is clear and concise, with only a few minor formatting issues. I found one or two incorrect room references, but those appear to be the only content (versus formatting) mistakes in an otherwise very clean product.

What Needs Some DM Work

Every TTRPG product needs at least a little work to bring to table. The following is intended less as criticism per se, and more as guidance on where to best spend prep time tailoring the product to your table. It is longer than the above section not because there is more to "complain" about, but simply because explaining criticisms and areas of possible improvement is more word-intensive than praise.  

Too many “Huh, that was weird. Anyway…” moments. The adventure includes nightmarish events that manifest in the area due to the influence of the McGuffin at the heart of the adventure. I appreciate that these are not combat encounters, but most of them don’t “mean” anything, and vanish before the PCs can engage with them. “Thousands of white worms wriggle up through the dark soil. They hum a deep resonant chord, swaying in the starlight, before burrowing back down into the ground.” “A severed hand crawls toward the party and dissolves into red foam.”

This stuff is mostly non-interactive by design. Perhaps at some tables these work just as mobile bits of set dressing. But my players (and I suspect a lot of other players) engaged with the first few instances of these events by obsessively focusing on "what they meant.” By the fourth or fifth event, they (pragmatically and correctly) concluded that these are random, dissociated, spooky events with no inherent meaning, and just ignored them. In my game, I mostly replaced them with echoes and omens tied to interactive elements of the adventure.

The main dungeon is (kinda) linear, and presumes one method of ingress. I don’t dock points for NORH’s small regional dungeons; these are basically lairs, not true dungeons, so it is OK that the kobold caves have only one entrance and lack much exploratory complexity. The temple that is at the heart of the adventure only has one intended entrance: the belltower, the highest point of the temple, exposed after time passes and the golden dome begins to shrink. 

I don’t think this is bad, per se. It is a neat inversion of the standard bottom-to-top tower adventure. And the conceit of the adventure kinda requires it. But the game definitely presumes the PCs will quickly focus on “how to get up to the belltower” as their main goal, and the region around the adventure is geared toward facilitating that. For a number of reasons, my players did not immediately focus on the belltower, because the adventure premise and telegraphed course of action depends on several assumptions that the players may not make.

For example, it was not initially obvious to my players that the outside walls "block" the dome (i.e., that once inside one part of the building, they could move freely throughout, and that the dome would not continue to block access inside as it shrunk). I essentially had to have an NPC tell them this, so they wouldn’t completely base their plans around the presumption that the dome would continue to slow progress once they were inside.

The players also considered digging underground. Through some investigation they learned that the dome was really the upper part of a sphere (I improvised this detail), but they still considered the merits of digging. The adventure does not provide a clear indication of how far the basement levels of the temple are from the edges of the dome, so there is potentially a lot of work for the DM if a group goes in this direction. 

Eventually my group found one of the magical items that is intended to facilitate access to the tower, and did eventually get on the "right" course of action. But some support here would have been a nice addition, as it would in turn support the PCs engaging in some outside-the-box problem solving. 

The monsters attack! The adventure has a few too many encounters that only make sense as fights. There’s an overabundance of ambush attackers, some with an X-in-6 chance, others simply stating they “immediately attack.” Ambushers have their place, but too many of them train the PCs to expect every adversary to be a fight. This is especially relevant for a product that assumes at least some players will be new to old-school play, as this one clearly does, since it includes a brief primer for this purpose. I would recommend DMs running NORH spend some time developing goals and desires for some of the NPCs and monsters to facilitate more varied interaction.

The kobolds, for example, occupy one of the regional lairs, and possess one of the magical items that can be used to enter the temple. They have no named members, no connections with other creatures in the region, and no agenda. They’re just... mining. All the notes about their lair treat it as a trap-laden combat encounter. My players ultimately did decide to ambush the kobolds, and I couldn’t really blame them – the module wasn't really suggesting any other purpose for these creatures besides a fight. 

I liked the idea that the monsters in the region were affected by the titular nightmare, just like the townsfolk. I decided that the kobolds were mining crystals to trade to the bandits for stimulants, so they could avoid sleeping, and escape their nightmares. The bugbears were in turmoil because terrible dreams from the adventure's McGuffin drove their shaman to the brink of madness. I replaced the ogre with an ettin who was quite literally fighting with himself over which head would sleep next.

The temple itself is populated by monsters that are the products of nightmares. These make a bit more sense as combat encounters, since they are inherently hostile and have no instinct for self-preservation. And a few of them have neat hooks. When a nursery rhyme wolf emerged from a magical storybook, the PCs blockaded it behind a door, allowing me the unique DM pleasure of doing the whole “I’ll huff and I'll puff…” act in-game.

But several of the others are weird-for-the-sake-of-weird. Acknowledging it would swell the page count, tying particular nightmares to particular villagers would allow for some fun interactions. Rescue the appropriate villager, or understand their fears, and gain an edge over the monsters. If I were to run this a second time, I would probably embellish this aspect of the product, as the players generally liked interacting with the townsfolk, and would have appreciated some more Nightmare on Elm Street flavoring to the dangers.

All that said, I do want to again give credit to the monsters and NPCs that break the "they attack!" pattern. The goblins are the faction that shines the most in this respect, as many of them will show up in situations where they are helpless or in danger, which does a better job of opening the door to PC discretion in defining the interaction. 

This adventure could be a lot shorter than intended. My group explored two of the three regions outside the town, and we got about a dozen sessions total out of this book, which is a good return for the price and page count. But it could have been much shorter if the players made different choices! One of the three magic items that could facilitate entrance to the temple is located immediately outside of town. A group could grab that item and then wait until the temple is accessible. Sure, they would be underleveled, but that is not inherently an obstacle in OSR play. 

This isn't inherently bad. It is not a scripted adventure path, where the players are punished for not following the designer's intended path. But speedrunning this product would not be much fun, and would involve missing out on some of the best bits (like the goblins, satyr, and witch in the woods). 

Final Thoughts

We had an overall positive experience with this adventure, and I would recommend it. “Regional classic fantasy for low levels” is a very well-served niche, and there are other competing options that you may want to consider. But the inciting incident of the townsfolk trapped in the temple is a genuinely distinguishing selling point, and the organic clock it puts on events really brings the "time matters" energy to the proceedings. 

Ultimately, the adventure provides a lot of good stuff to work with, and the areas of potential improvement are a reasonable ask for the DM's tailoring and prep time. 

I give it four out of five spider-rats. Praise Halcyon!

You can buy NORH here.

RPG Scheduling: Making Peace Between the Anchors and the Corks

Scheduling is one of the most common subjects of complaints, memes, jokes, and Reddit rants in  the TTRPG world. A familiar lament: Players did not show up, game was canceled. 

I don’t typically write about the logistics of running RPGs. But I have not had a game canceled for anything short of illness or emergency in years. So just in case it is useful to anyone out there struggling with game attendance and player commitment – here are my thoughts, beginning with some simple psychographics.

Anchors Versus Corks

There are two types of schedulers in the world: Anchors and corks.

Anchors commit to participate in things and, barring emergency or unusual circumstances, it becomes a fixed part of their plans. They scope other commitments around that plan. It is solid. Their schedule is a world of anchored things among the shifting currents of life.

Corks bob and drift from engagement to engagement as the tides and winds carry them. For a cork, every event and social engagement is more aspirational than actual until it happens. They will certainly be doing something on a given evening, but they don’t quite know what it will be until that day arrives. 

No Judgment Zone

The definitions above may make it sound like I’m praising anchors and criticizing corks, but that’s not my intent. Well, maybe a little, because I myself am an anchor, as are most GMs (and more on that in a bit). I find anchors easier to understand, and I struggled for a long time to figure out the corks. They just seemed… unreliable, even sketchy people.

But I have grown to appreciate corks more over time. When corks do show up, they usually bring their best selves. An anchor will sometimes grit their teeth through a game they didn’t really have the energy or patience to participate in (I myself have occasionally been guilty of this). The cork won’t make that mistake. When they do show up, they are there because they unambiguously want to be there. 

And anchors need some corks in their game sessions to mix things up some of the time. Some of my all-time favorite sessions have featured rare appearances from corks who brought wild card energy to a table otherwise dominated by familiar anchor vibes.

Corks particularly shine in one-shots or GM-less games, where the lack of long-term commitment really lets them go crazy. Corks are usually extroverts and anchors are often introverts, although these categories don’t completely line up.

The Anchor DM versus the Cork PCs

Anchors and corks can misunderstand each other in many parts of life, but RPGs present a special challenge.

An anchor planning a party can get by on bulk alone, even if most of their corks don’t show up. Expecting 60 people, but only 45 actually come? It will probably still be a fun party, because a typical party doesn’t really depend on any particular participant being present, nor does the fun scale neatly with the number of people. And the anchor’s plans don’t change dramatically, aside from practical considerations, many of which can be controlled by common sense methods (e.g., asking people bring food and beverages means supplies will naturally line up with attendance).

But RPGs introduce a unique problem. They often pit a single anchor (in the GM role) against a group composed mostly or entirely of corks (the players). I think this is the most common source of the all-to-familiar “I had to cancel the game AGAIN ;_;” laments.

Because RPGs are really good at attracting cork players! Corks love anticipating an RPG session, even if they don't join it. The idea of creating a character and dreaming about the adventures they might have is exciting. Many corks look at your D&D night invitation the way someone in a hot air balloon might look at an impressive mountain; something exciting to admire from afar, but not something you think deeply about until the wind starts blowing you closer to its position.

GM-less, prep-less games can often be a good fit for a social group filled with corks, since they logistically work more like board games, versus the prep of the conventional TTRPG. But assume you are running a traditional GM plus players system. How can you make it work?

Knights of the Open Table 

Once we’ve accepted the differences between corks and anchors, it becomes easier to schedule with both of them in mind. And one of the best ways to do that is to run an open table.

When I hear stories about canceled sessions and failing campaigns, the most common theme is that the GM expected almost all or all of their players to be there for all or almost all of the sessions. The GM expected the players to be anchors, essentially. But some of them – or all of them – turned out to be corks. 

At a closed table, that immediately becomes a problem, because every instance of cork-like behavior disrupts the game for everyone else. The anchors are annoyed that the corks aren’t taking the game seriously and respecting others’ time. And the corks feel like the anchors are sucking all the fun out of what is supposed to be a game.

An open table avoids this issue by ensuring that no single player is essential to a particular session. Instead, the total number of players collectively provide enough “coverage” to ensure the session can happen.

My minimum quorum is usually three players (not counting myself as GM). To ensure at least three people show up, I typically invite 6-10 players to such games. People have sometimes asked me, what will I do if all 10 people show up? 

After I finish laughing, I explain that if that extremely unlikely scenario actually did happen, it would be fine. I have, on very rare occasions, run for very large groups, and while those sessions were noisier and more chaotic than normal, they were fine. The minor inconvenience of a (very unlikely) oversized session is not a big deal compared to the (much more likely) threat of an undersized one.

The Game Is Afoot, Statistically Speaking

If you are thinking that a binary of anchor versus cork is an oversimplification, you are correct. A more nuanced way to understand player attendance is to assign a predicted likelihood of attendance to each player. 

Don’t worry, you do not need to do risk-buffered forecasting via Bernoulli trials to get the answer. Back-of-the-envelope math is fine. If I were to invite six players to a game, I would feel pretty comfortable if at least two were 90% likely to attend (strong anchors); one was 60% likely to attend (anchor-leaning); and three were 25% likely to attend (corks). The specific composition might vary from session to session, but you’re almost always going to get at least three players (again, not counting the GM) out of that group.

Reassess When You Greenlight a New “Season”

While I love open tables, I will also acknowledge their biggest drawback: attendance tends to taper over time.

A new open table will draw a broad range of players, excited by the newness of the game. As time passes, the players who stick with the game will become more invested; you might even see some corks turn into anchors. But at the same time, the number of interested new players will fall off. Even if a game continues to advertise its open table status, many players will be reluctant to join if they learn that others have already been playing the game for months.

I get it. Even apart from any question of rules fluency or knowledge of the shared fiction, it just feels different to join an established group with dozens of sessions under their belt. Most open tables will eventually feature a lot of regulars, and no matter how welcoming they are, some number of new players will bounce off their established vibe.

When a game reaches that point, you probably want to talk to the players and decide how to proceed. The table may remain nominally open, but for all intents and purposes look like a closed table. It’s a good time to have a conversation about what the end of the game would look like, and to institute “seasons” that are up for renewal, with a satisfying end-point in mind.

Be Willing to Walk Away

You can do all of the above, and the same problems can occur. Too many cancelations, not enough games. You need to be able to walk away.

Your D&D group is composed of the people who show up. It doesn’t necessarily include the person who knows the rules best. Or the person who first convinced you to run the game. Or the best roleplayer. Or your sister or your spouse or your best friend. It is made up of the people who show up. 

If the game is struggling, the game is not happening. Do something else socially with those people that requires less commitment. Like a lot of things in life, a willingness to walk away when things aren't working is an important backstop for the health of the game.

Studying Noita to Build Deadly Dungeons

I have played 137 hours of Noita, because apparently I enjoy suffering. Noita is a roguelike videogame in which you explore randomly generated biomes, find customizable magic wands, and use them to kill enemies. Watch a few minutes of any video on YouTube and you’ll pretty quickly get a sense of the vibe. Like many videogames, it can be mined for TTRPG ideas.

Danger from Above

Like D&D, Noita is (mostly) a game about going down, down, down into the depths of what is essentially a dungeon. Many (but not all) enemies attack more effectively downward than they do upward. You can clear them as you descend, but both enemy behavior and level architecture become more complex and challenging. Many deaths begin when an enemy attacks laterally or unexpectedly from above, or when multiple enemies apply pressure from different directions. 

And it is not just the enemies. Noita is also famous for simulating liquids pixel by pixel. A lot of this liquid is pretty dangerous. That looks like this.

A stray shot, trap, or an enemy-induced explosion can send liquid pouring down on your character. And enemies who have the high ground will often knock your character into toxic, acidic, or flammable substances. Many Noita runs end not exclusively through enemy attacks, but through some combination of enemy action, environmental hazard, and player error. 

So ask yourself, what materials or substances are abundant in the dungeon, and how could they be exploited by the dungeon denizens (and, in turn, the PCs)? Baking this question into the dungeon’s design means that players are rewarded for understanding and anticipating what the dungeon is about.

Danger from Below

Again as in D&D, Noita monsters get stronger and hazards grow more dangerous with each level you descend. But the deeper you go, the better the loot you find.

Dropping an explosive on an enemy's head can be a relatively safe way to defeat it. But if that enemy is near some fragile treasure, like a potion, you might easily destroy it (and flood the area with the potion's potentially dangerous contents). And good luck getting the gold the enemy dropped if you also set fire to their surroundings.

Some monsters will fight other types of monsters, and it’s pretty typical to hear combat well below your character, out of sight. Listening carefully will alert you to the presence of something that can kill you on sight.

An attentive DM will often telegraph noises from another room on the dungeon level. But how often do you telegraph sounds from another floor? When can you give PCs a clue (or warning) about what is going on under their feet?

Danger from Yourself

Noita’s customizable wand system makes it quite easy to build wands that are as dangerous to the player as to the enemies, and you won’t have to play the game for long before ending a run with “Minä” listed as the cause of death; which is to say, you accidentally took yourself out.

I find this to be a particularly rich vein to tap for magic items in roleplaying games. Some of my favorite items of all time have been things that my players were too scared (too wise?) to actually use them as much as I would like. I can't exactly blame them. They can’t respawn and start a new run as easily as I can in Noita. But taking the safeties off the magical items really sells the danger and opportunity of the game's world.

Necromantic Nightmares Part IV: Body Snatchers, Ghouljamming, Rotted Roots

Last time: A Third Corpse-Wagon Full of Necromantic Novelties: Railroads, Sharks, and Skeleton-Style Severance

Faction: Grave Robbers and Body Snatchers

Grave robbing and body snatching was a big thing in real history and real history didn’t even have necromancy. It should be orders of magnitude more popular in a magical fantasy world. There’s a lot to work with when looking at historical examples. Evocative slang (“resurrectionists”). Science and progress versus respect for religion and tradition. Educated elites versus the working class. Racism, if you’re playing in a game that wants to unpack heavy issues.

This subject is a good hook for all kinds of adventures, whether the PCs are working as grave robbers, being paid to stop them, or just tossed back and forth by the ceaseless whims of the funereal world. Consider just a few.

Random table: What are the competing interests creating conflict in and around the world of the grave robbers?

1. The thieves’ guild is hiring skilled rogues to crack mortsafes. Adventurers could work for them, or help the city watch catch these criminals.
2. The vengeful ghost of a prominent politician has sworn to destroy the town if body snatchers take the remains of any member of its family. A volunteer watch group is forming to guard against this eventuality. The complication is that no one is completely certain how many illegitimate children this politician had, and whether or not the ghost would count any such deceased persons as family. Better figure out who they are, and protect their graves to be sure.
3. The ghast who rules over the local cemetery is spreading rumors that great wealth is buried with various recently buried bodies, hoping to let the grave robbers do the hard work of digging, then grab the bodies (of both the dead and the foolish robbers) for itself.
4. A serial killer (perhaps a deceptive monster like a wererat, perhaps just a normal human) is using already-robbed graves as a place to hide his victims. The local resurrectionists are understandably concerned this will lead to a mob blaming them and seeking them out. One group of criminals is thus incentivized to stop the actions of another, even more grim criminal.
5. A marriage between two ghosts has created a complication in the execution of the will of the local potentate. With the help of a wisecracking skull that can cast Speak With Dead at will, adventurers must untangle the legal intricacies of these conflicting life-or-death bonds. 
6. Thieves are following body snatchers and plundering the graves of valuables after the bodies are removed (the body snatchers scrupulously do not take any valuable items from a grave, besides the body itself). The two factions are on the brink of a gang war, each accusing the other of immoral acts.

Location: The Hunger Ship

Before the spelljamming ark departed on its extraplanar journey, the shipwright-priests blessed it, entreating the stellar gods to ensure that no one would ever go hungry aboard the vessel. The blessing worked, but in a perverse way. When the ship strayed from its course and supplies ran out, the passengers found that they would not die of starvation. But their hunger was as strong as ever, and that hunger drove them to survive as ghouls. The ark continues to drift between the stars, full of ghouls fighting amongst themselves and waiting for unwary travelers to stumble on their ship.

Random table: Grim and ghoulish scenes from the cursed corridors of the Hunger Ship.

1. Ghoul-priests have welded iron cages over the mouths of fanatical flagellant ghouls. Prevented from feeding, these monsters are kept in a constant state of frenzy. (visual reference: the garrador from Resident Evil 4)
2. Gunnery ghouls lovingly tend to massive spiked hooks on long cables, ready to fire at passing ships to haul in a fresh meal. (visual reference: the reavers from Firefly)
3. Even as the hooks pull the targeted vessel toward the Hunger Ship, ghoul boarders will clamber up the chains, vying to be the first to taste new flesh. (visual reference: a hectic boarding scene from any pirate or naval movie) 
4. A dining hall filled with exotic "food" that is the refinement of hundreds of years of cannibalistic closed-loop "recycling." Ghoul aesthetes will (temporarily...) hold off on devouring anyone who can give them thoughtful critical input on their quality of the offerings; the ghouls are concerned they have been removed from the culinary world too long and may be out of step with current trends. (visual reference: some combination of the dining room from Texas Chainsaw Massacre, the forbidden food from Pan’s Labyrinth, and the bar in From Dusk Til Dawn)
5. The ghoul chirurgeon is relatively diplomatic by ghoul standards, offering to trade a prosthetic replacement for a PC’s tastiest-looking limb. The prosthetics are genuine, not a trick, and each one can do something that a normal limb cannot. (visual reference: Bruce Campbell in Escape from LA or Dr. Steinman in BioShock)
6. The ghoul ascetic abstains from eating living things, consuming only dead matter. They seek to lead the ghouls on the ships to a graveyard planet where they could feast on ethically sourced bones for eternity. A bit of a bore compared to the other ghouls, but basically a good fellow. (visual reference: peaceful Dreamland ghouls in Lovecraftian works)

Monster: Rootrot Treant 

Blood drips from a crude mouth of cracks and splinters. Corrupted by necromancy, this once-mighty  forest guardian now spreads decay. Deceptively slow-moving, when he scents living things he can flip over and walk on hundreds of surprisingly sturdy branches, like a wooden spider with far too many limbs, slamming his body down on his prey.

Necromancers in conflict with vampires for control of the local undead will sometimes use Rootrot Treants as guardians. Bristling with wooden “stakes,” few vampires will engage them in direct combat.

Modern statblock:

Rootrot Treant (huge undead plant) AC 16 (natural armor) HP138 Speed 30’ or 60’ (charge ending in a slam attack that leaves it prone)

RES Poison damage

IMM Poisoned, exhausted

Challenge 9 XP 5000

False Appearance (indistinguishable from dead tree when motionless, mainly works in fall/winter) 

Siege Monster (double damage to objects and structures)

Actions: Bite or Slam

Bite (melee): +10 / 3d6+6 piercing damage

Slam (melee) +10 / 4d10+6 bludgeoning damage and the Rootrot Treant falls prone and cannot move further that turn. Save STR DC 16 or restrained under the treant's bulk; ATH DC 16 to escape.

1/day when the Rootrot Treant rises from prone to standing, as a bonus action, it may spawn a field of rotted thorny vines harming all living things in the affected area (as Spirit Guardians, necrotic damage) 

Old-school statblock: 

Rootrot Treant AC 17 HD 8 HP 36 Att +7 bite (4d6) ML 12 MV normal or x2 normal, then if bite hits, treant falls on top of target and pins to the ground. Surprise on 1-3 at short range in environments with ample dead trees.

A Third Corpse-Wagon Full of Necromantic Novelties: Railroads, Sharks, and Skeleton-Style Severance

Last time: More Necromantic Novelties: Anathema, Bacteria, Dinobomb

Location: Necropolis Railway

Managing the dead is challenging enough when they stay dead. Managing them in a world of undeath is  more complicated by a whole order of magnitude.

The threat of the undead changes how societies handle corpses and remains. But for significantly large urban areas, the first order of business is to get the dead away from the living. Facilitating that process requires serious infrastructure, including a way to get the bodies from where they die to where they will be laid to rest. Depending on the setting, the railway can be a literal railroad, or a more low-tech equivalent (e.g., river barges pulled by beasts of burden on the shoreline).

What dangerous situations might adventurers find on the necropolis line or at its terminus?

1. Overrun cadaver carriage. Zombie unlife has spread amongst the corpses on one of the carriages, and now all the bodies within are trying to get out.
2. Plague rat outbreak. Rats attracted to the cemetery are carrying a virulent new disease. Rumors suggest it is causing the infected dead to walk from their graves, but this may be misinformation.
3. Charnel snuffer. A ghost snagged in the cremation chimney has inhaled enough necromantic energy to move about the crematoriums, blowing out the fires and slowing this crucial work.
4. Missing VIP. Some corpses are preserved, typically because the railway masters anticipate that they may someday be the subjects of magic like Speak With Dead or (in rare cases) Resurrection. One such cadaver is missing, and a frantic search is underway to locate it before it is accidentally destroyed.
5. Religious dispute. The burial grounds around the railway terminus were carefully laid out to keep the faithful of different sects from crossing paths, but a recent schism in the church has led to clashes and disputes over choice burial sites. An opportunistic wight hopes to amplify the violence and turn members of both sides to undeath amid the confusion. 
6. Expired Express. Unsubstantiated reports suggest that necromancers and grave robbers are disguising themselves as ordinary mourners to get through cemetery security. Board the train and investigate suspicious characters, without angering the legitimately grief-stricken travelers.

Monster: Mummy Shark

Undead sharks preserved in formaldehyde and covered in seaweed wrappings. The rot from their bite has a particularly fearsome reputation among sailors, as the pus that emerges from the wound allegedly warps and weakens the wooden parts of sailing ships. Creatures that die within a mummy shark’s stomach emerge as zombies at the next low tide. This blog cannot be held liable if your players begin to sing an obnoxious song after they hear you say the words “mummy shark.”

Modern statblock:

Mummy Shark (large undead beast) AC 13 (natural armor) HP 126 Speed 30’ (swim) or 10’ (a flopping and thrashing crawl on land) 

Challenge 6 XP 2300 

Actions: Bite + Dreadful Glare. 

Bite (melee): +9 / 3d10+6 damage, save CON DC 14 or contract mummy shark rot; can only recover HP while fully immersed in salt water, and ships on which the infected character travel suffer wear and tear at x3 normal rate.

Dreadful Glare: Save WIS DC 13 or frightened until end of mummy shark’s next turn; fail by 5 or more, paralyzed also.

Old-school statblock: 

Mummy Shark AC 13 HD 8 HP 36 Att +7 bite (2d10 + mummy shark rot (can only recover HP while fully immersed in salt water, and ships on which the infected character travel suffer wear and tear at x3 normal rate) ML 12 MV x2 normal swimming, half normal on land. Silent until it attacks, only harmed by magic or electricity, save WIS/PARA on first sight or paralyzed with fear until it attacks or moves out of sight.

Milieu: Skeletal Severance  

Necromancy is legal, but highly regulated. Anyone with healthy bones can sell the rights to the use of their skeleton for a set number of years after their death. 

The clergy condemn this practice, and many right-thinking people are at least… squeamish about such a transaction. But many who are struggling to make ends meet will decide that security in life is worth some indignity in death.

Adventure hook: When a painter with a record-setting skeletal service contract goes missing, the Necromantic Guild has a strong incentive to verify if they’re alive or dead. They will pay well for proof of death, and more for the recovery of the skeleton. But be wary; the church may interfere with your efforts, in the hopes that an unresolved claim will destabilize the skeleton trade. 

More Necromantic Nonsense: The Profane Dead, the Bacterial Ghost, and the Dinobomb

Last time: New Necromantic Monsters and Factions for Weirder Worldbuilding 

Milieu: The Profanity of the Undead

Inherent to the idea of undeath as traditionally understood in most folklore and derived fiction is a wrongness and a fundamental reversal of what that person (or their society) viewed as natural and holy in life. Undead should not be kinda vaguely, ambiently unholy – they should specifically reject, pollute, or invert the values of their pre-undeath society.

Random table: In what way are these undead profaning what was most holy to them in life?

1. Ghoul-minotaurs, mouths dripping with beef tallow, worship at a profane altar to Our Lady of the Abattoir. 
2. Deadwood-dryads and treant snags knock down healthy trees and suck the life out of green shoots.
3. Revived rust monsters galvanize metals instead of rusting them. Highly prized by dwarven metalworkers who are heretical enough to deal with necromancers. 
4. Skeleton-fish, repelled by bodies of water, hurl themselves against the doors and windows of the fishermen who caught them, silently begging for their killers to consume flesh they no longer possess.  
5. Shadow-beholders emit blinding shafts of darkness, haunting living eye tyrants and threatening to deprive them of their most precious sense.
6. Poltergeist-gargoyles enraged by the physicality the spirit can no longer embody, possess statues across the city, toppling them onto unsuspecting passerby.

Monster: Bacterial Ghosts 

Non-sapient animals generally do not project sufficient soul-stuff to create ghosts. But there are exceptions. For example, when particularly large numbers of microscopic organisms die suddenly, their collective extermination can produce a ghost large enough for people to perceive.

This ghost is amoeba-like, with its “mouth” forming on any of its appendages. It is sometimes mistaken for an ooze. It cannot communicate or even really think in a way that people understand, but can be frighteningly motivated, as undeath seems to give it a collective direction that its constituent organisms lacked in their single-celled lives.

Random table: What is the bacterial ghost doing right now?

1. Lurking in a pond, consuming algae until they can build a Swamp Thing-like body.
2. Plotting revenge, hoping to destroy the bleach factory responsible for their innumerable deaths.
3. Unliving symbiotically on a ghost sloth.
4. Possessing the micromancer who foolishly bestowed awareness on their colony.
5. Researching spells with names like “pierce membrane” and “corrupt mitochondria.”
6. Haunting the innards of the cow where they once dwelt while still alive.

Treasure: Necromantic Clothing and Equipment

Much of the ordinary clothing and gear that people use in their daily lives is obviously derived from living things. Usually such items are too far removed from life to be affected by necromancy. Usually.

A particularly diligent necromancer, taking the time to study the processes behind the creation of clothing, tools, and armor, can add a spark of unlife to such items.

Random table: What necromantic equipment is available for those with the stomach to use it?

1. Compass armor. Leather armor that retains the ability of the cattle to sense the planet’s magnetic field. The wearer instinctively aligns north-south when standing around idly for a turn or longer.
2. Silk-shroud robes. Fine silk robes with hidden pockets containing zombie silkworms. The silkworms will spin silk to repair any damage to the robes. With patience, the silkworms can be goaded to reshape the garment; for example, refashioning the robe into strong silk-rope to escape a tower.
3. Snakeskin belt. When unbuckled, the "clasp" is capable of biting to deliver deadly poison once per day. Wearing tough gloves or carrying antivenom is strongly recommended as it is easy to forget and receive a nasty bite while undressing at the end of a long adventuring day. Stylish.
4. Naptha bomb. Rock-oil from a natural seep. Looks a lot like alchemists' fire. When thrown like a grenade, the necromantic reagent reanimates whatever ancient animals decomposed into the oil. Unpredictable due to the unknown (and probably cross-contaminated) mix of biological matter that made up the oil, but the best-case scenario can produce a terrifying amalgamation of undead dinosaurs.

Next time: Yet More Necromantic Novelties: Necropolis, Shark, Severance

New Necromantic Monsters and Factions for Weirder Worldbuilding (Part 1 in an Undying Series)

Necromancy is part of the vanilla fantasy vernacular that informs many RPGs. You can't have your skeleton warriors and life-draining ghosts without some fiction explaining how these spirits are spooking the PCs. Some fiction really digs deep into what a setting defined by necromancy would look like. But many fantasy RPGs only scratch the surface. Let's grab our corpse-exhumation shovels and dig a little deeper.

Monster: The Griefer

Adventurers call it the griefer. It’s a dungeon ghost that can only possess a freshly-killed body. Immaterial and barely visible, the griefer will follow adventurers or dungeon factions around the dungeon, waiting for conflict to produce a suitable corpse to possess.

The longer the griefer lingers without finding a body, the more disruptive it becomes, leveraging what weak spiritual id it possess to generate alarming noises or frightening images, hoping to startle dungeon dwellers into deadly conflict.

Adventure hook: A griefer is piloting the body of an heir to a minor noble family. The sibling who is second in the line of succession badly wants the body returned, so they can prove that the heir is dead. The reward depends on retrieving the body in reasonably good condition. The griefer is very motivated to avoid capture... but its possession of the body is also staving off decomposition.

Milieu: Necroarchy

With age comes wisdom, and mere death does not change that equation. Indeed, serving as a living member of the city council is almost like an audition for service after death in a city where broad acceptance of necromancy makes this possible. The enormous round council table features seats for the living members, while the undead members’ skulls sit on ornate stands at their stations. 

Adventure hook: The council requires a quorum to make important decisions, but several of the council skulls have been stolen. The government is paralyzed by this bizarre and unprecedented theft. The living council members suspect each other of the crime. Or perhaps it is a rival city-state, seeking to undermine the dead city's power. What no one yet knows is that the thief is actually the former lover of one of the deceased members, who they seek to resurrect. They stole the other skulls only to draw suspicion away from them.

Faction: The Great Skeleton Army

Animated skeletons persist. Bleached and fleshless, they do not rot like zombies. Indifferent to the sun, they do not need to flee the light, as vampires and shadows do. Easy to create en masse, they can be raised even by a necromancer of relatively modest power. And they often persist long after their creator has died (and likely joined their ranks). The great skeleton army is one such example, inspired by great examples like this one.

No one remembers why the great skeleton army was created, or who they were originally intended to fight. It obeys no clear leader, although some skeletons mimic the roles of officers. 

Random table: Encounters amidst and near the Great Skeleton Army

1. Skull-scout. Catapulted ahead or dropped from the sky by skeletal birds, these disembodied skulls scout for activity and then report their findings after the army recovers them. Endowed with more intelligence than a typical skeleton, they are usually bored, and eager to chat with passersby.
2. Grave sapper. Skeletons that spent ages buried underneath the earth are particularly adept at digging. Travelers are in for a harrowing experience if they meet the sappers by stepping on a weak patch of ground falling into an active tomb-tunnel.  
3. Parallel travelers. Like small fish swimming alongside a shark because the big predator scares off smaller predators, some living people will travel in the wake of the skeleton army to protect themselves from living threats they feel are more dangerous.
4. Impressment gangboss. Gathering skeletons to swell the skelly ranks. They are supposed to find “naturally occurring” skeletons, but are not above sourcing them from the living when needed. "I swear these skeletons just fell off the back of a wagon, boss."
5. Skelevangalist. Seeks to free bony brethren from their meat-prisons. Will shush living creatures who attempt to speak to it, claiming it is listening to their “bones' voices.”
6. Camp followers. Not that kind! No boner jokes, please. Opportunistic humans will trade goods and services that skeleton soldiers can't manage themselves. 
7. Bone collector. Skeletal ragman who collects stray bones from the battlefields, offering its wares to skeletons that have lost pieces to time or turmoil. Humble and easy to miss, but secretly essential to the army’s (literal) cohesion.
8. Desiccated deserter. Fleeing the military life and eager to find a place among the fleshy world.

Next time: More Necromantic Nonsense: The Profane Dead, the Bacterial Ghost, and the Dinobomb

Class, Ancestry, Background — Choose Two, Drop the Other

Old-school games sometimes leverage the concept of race-as-class (also known as ancestry-as-class). An elf or a dwarf could be a character choice functionally equivalent to (and exclusive of) a class like cleric or magic-user.

Later editions of the game separate ancestry and class as distinct categories on separate axes; classes are defined by advancement, while ancestry is (usually) inherent and unchanging. But ancestry-as-class maintains its appeal in some OSR systems, as it simplifies character creation and makes it easier to “play up” what is distinctive about a non-human character. And other games have tried to find a happy medium between these approaches.

In that spirit, here’s an alternative way to split the difference between modern and old-school; pick two out of three among ancestry, class, and background, and just drop the third.

Ancestry and class, but no background. This is already implicitly pretty common in D&D. D&D 5E’s backgrounds are one of its better game design structures, but many players pay them little heed. They choose a background at character creation in order to pick up an extra proficiency or two, then forget about them soon after. Ancestry plus class, with no background, just formalizes this implicit choice. Whatever this PC did before the dungeon, it isn’t relevant to their new life of adventure.   

Both are dwarves, but their backgrounds are very different.

Ancestry and background, but no class. This is something like ancestry-as-class in old-school play, but with a background to give the character some more texture. Part of the appeal of ancestry-as-class is that it can take powerful abilities like darkvision, underwater breathing, or even flight and cordon them off from complementary class choices. Adding a background helps distinguish one dwarf from another, and give them a bit more personality. It’s easier to put some more mechanical weight on backgrounds too; one can extrapolate from the flavor text and ribbon abilities of the 5E backgrounds and imagine ways they would be more prominent in play without classes sucking up all their oxygen.

Class and background, but no ancestry. Obviously a character still has an ancestry. This choice simply means it isn’t mechanically relevant. In old-school D&D, this is something like what a human fighter or human wizard was; it was just taken for granted that humans were a “blank” in terms of ancestry, and possessed no special powers. But in modern play (or in games that mix play styles), that is worth reconsidering, because those games have tended to give humanity some mechanical heft (for example, a bonus feat in 5E). It takes a little extra work to reason out what an elf with no elf powers or a dwarf with no dwarf powers looks like, but I think it is possible. For example, a class-plus-background character may nominally be a dwarf, yet does not possess signature abilities like darkvision because they grew up on the surface, or in a subgroup of dwarves who otherwise just don’t naturally have darkvision.

Stolen Board Game Mechanic: Add Value to the Unpicked Choice

Spots is a push-your-luck dice game. Players take turns choosing action cards, which dictate how they roll dice that turn. After they take their turn, the action card they chose is exhausted for the round. When all but one action card has been chosen, all actions are refreshed and the process begins again. This is arguably a form of Dutch auction, although with accruing value instead of decreasing price.

Pretty straightforward, right? But there’s a small rule that is secretly important to the game. The final action card that was left unselected gains a token that allows for a one-time reroll of the dice. Whoever picks that action card next will get to keep any tokens that have accumulated on the card, and can spend those tokens later. So if the players favor certain cards over others (and most players will), the unpopular card(s) will gradually accrue additional value as more tokens accumulate.

This mechanic is great because it automatically "balances" the perceived power level of the options available to the players. It doesn't matter if that’s an actual play design imbalance, where some choices are better than others, or simply a preference among the players for a certain style of play. The imbalances between the choices are self-correcting over time, as some quantity of tokens will eventually bring a less-popular choice into competition with the more popular ones.

Consider applying this mechanic to discrete, mutually exclusive choices in an RPG. For example, consider downtime for a party of three PCs in a fantasy adventure game like D&D. Each time they return to town, each PC can choose one of the following (in addition to resting): level up, gather information, carouse, research, or shop. Only one player may choose each action, and each player only gets one choice.

Player A chooses leveling, player B chooses research, and player C chooses shopping. Gather information and carouse go unchosen, so they each get a token that allows for one in-session reroll of the dice. Whoever chooses these options in the future gets to keep any tokens associated with that choice. Even if carousing or gathering information goes several downtimes without being chosen, the accumulation of tokens will eventually compel someone to take them.

The 5E Megadungeon: Death, Magic, and Cats

Last week: Running a Megadungeon Campaign in D&D 5E

Last week we covered darkvision and laid out the factors that make 5E insufficiently lethal for typical megadungeon play. Now lets discuss some solutions.

Tailor monsters to make them punch harder, but also die faster. Tweaking monster stats is categorically easier than getting PCs to buy into house rules that lower their own character’s powers. In addressing a common complaint with 5E that combat tends to drag on, I’ve found it helps a lot to make monsters hit harder, but be less tough. With some relatively modest adjustments, it is easy to cut an eight-round slogfest down to a tight three-round nailbiter. Monsters leave a bigger dent in PC HP totals, but PCs also have the satisfaction of taking them down before the battle gets boring. 

Cap leveling up somewhere between levels 8 and 12. D&D 5E is tuned around the first two to three tiers of play. The second tier ends at level 8 and the third ends at level 12. The game is fun in the fourth and fifth tiers, but parts of it break down, and it is certainly not suited to megadungeon play. I ran several hundred sessions of 5E in a game that went from level 1 to beyond level 20, and while that campaign worked for location-based play at low levels (including quite a bit of time in the Caverns of Thracia), it was essentially obligated to transition to scene-based play at high levels.

A megadungeon campaign really needs to stay location-focused for its duration, and the easiest way to make that happen is to agree at the outset to cap the PCs’ level. You can choose where you want to cap the level based on which dungeon-bypassing powers you really want to limit. A series of posts from the early days of my blog attempts to catalog which 5E powers bypass dungeon obstacles at various tiers.

This will take some buy-in from the PCs, but make the case that it is required to run a cool megadungeon in 5E. Capping progress doesn’t even require an explicitly old-school perspective. The idea of “E6” D&D (which caps progression at level 6) came out of the crunchy 3.5 D&D world all on its own. And maxed out PCs can become powerful figures in the local area, engaging in domain-level play. If the players still aren’t convinced, a megadungeon campaign isn’t right for them anyway.

Limit where the PCs can rest. The average modern-style party will gravitate toward a simple gameplan: Fully unload on any antagonists they encounter, then pass out on the spot for eight hours. There's some variance based on group composition – a minority of classes in 2014 5E are optimized around short rests – but most 5E groups will have a majority of long-rest-oriented PCs like wizards and paladins who want a solid eight hours of sleep so they can once again go supernova on the next monster that looks at them funny.

You are going to have to disabuse them of the idea that it is OK to rest in the dungeon. For a lot of players, it’s going to take some convincing.

Out of character, tell the players that resting in the dungeon or the surrounding wilderness is highly dangerous. Have NPCs reiterate this in-character. Ultimately, the PCs will attempt it anyway, and you should adjudicate consequences firmly, demonstrating how hard it is to get a good long rest in the dungeon. Of course, if the players take clever precautions to secure a long rest in the dungeon, reward them.

Finally, if you don’t think this will be enough to motivate your players, discuss a house rule at session zero that long rests are simply impossible inside the dungeon. I’m trying to be conservative with the house rules here, but this one may be worth it. 

Leverage time and antagonists against long rests. If resting in the dungeon isn’t practical, most PCs versed in modern-style play will pragmatically come up with an obvious fallback solution; retreat quickly to safety after every combat encounter. This is not really a bad thing; smart OSR PCs will keep avenues of retreat open as well. 

But retreating after every fight will slow the game to a crawl. Fortunately, both old school games (strict time records and faction play) and story games (clocks and fronts) offer some tools to incentivize modern and trad players to play differently. 

Establish antagonist NPCs and factions early, and then telegraph to the players how they are advancing their agendas every time the PCs take a long rest. It may help to present the PCs with antagonists right from session zero. A good example is the conceit used in Electric Bastionland and other games; have the party start with a shared debt they have to pay off. It could be one of the powerful factions in the town, or in the dungeon itself. The important thing is that the debt-holding faction both has a reason to be  antagonistic toward the PCs and methods for creating time pressure. 

Magic is ridiculously abundant to the point where you solve most of the normal OSR challenges with cantrips that half the party have.

I agree with this in a general sense. Cantrips are one of my least favorite parts of 5E, and they trivialize many parts of the game that old-school play emphasizes. 

But the problem is really limited to a small subset of cantrips. The biggest use-case of cantrips is essentially providing a DPS floor for full spellcasters in combat. I don’t enjoy this design decision, but it fits with how modern play handles combat, and we don’t need to change combat much to empower the megadungeon experience.

The genuinely concerning cantrips are the ones that trivialize challenges outside of combat. If I was running a megadungeon in 5E, I would modify or rule out a few cantrips:

• Light and Dancing Lights would be the obvious ones to ban or nerf by “promoting” them to first level, per the discussion of visibility and darkvision in the previous post.
• Mage Hand should probably receive the same treatment, given how useful it is for manipulating traps and doors without risking oneself. It may still be worth the spell slot even if “nerfed” to first level. If a player is interested in the Arcane Trickster archtype (a rogue subclass), you may need to negotiate with them how to interpret this adjustment, as Mage Hand is baked into that archetype’s core powers.
• Guidance is not causing a problem for a megadungeon specifically, but it is bad game design, so I would probably ban it if I was cutting other spells anyway. 
• Minor Illusion is a consideration, although strictly adjudicating it can denude it of its worst applications. 

The rest of the cantrips in the 5E.2014 PHB are not really disruptive to megadungeon play. Non-cantrip spells are a resource expenditure question, and are essentially covered by the time pressure tools discussed above. Sure, having access to Fly or Dimension Door can subvert some dungeon challenges; but these are precious spell slots if we cap the PC's level somewhere between 8 and 12. 

So yeah, a 5E group is going to move through the megadungeon more quickly and suffer fewer casualties than an equivalent old-school group. But they're not going to trivialize a well-run megadungeon. 

Cat People???

Running a Megadungeon Campaign in D&D 5E

A post on the 3d6 Down the Line Discord expressed skepticism that the Arden Vul megadungeon could be run in D&D 5E. 

And I get it. D&D 5E would not be my first choice for a megadungeon either. 

But I have run a lot of 5E with an OSR mindset, and I believe I could run a megadungeon in 5E with (relatively) modest house rules and campaign assumptions, if for some reason I decided to do so.

All points below are in the context of the 2014 5E rules. I do not own the new 5E books, but understand they do not deviate far from the 2014 rules, so I expect this approach would broadly work there as well. I also anticipate that most of the same ideas would apply to the 5E-compatible systems that have come out since 5E was released into the Creative Commons.

Below are the four issues that the post identified, addressed in turn.

Everybody Has Darkvision

I agree that darkvision is over-prescribed in 5E, and that darkvision can undermine old-school exploration by removing the question of visibility. But a serious part of the problem is that a lot of players and DMs don’t even follow 5E’s rules as written, and assume that darkvision is a more potent ability than it actually is.

D&D 5E’s rules allow creatures with darkvision to see in darkness as if it were dim light. That means disadvantage on Wisdom (perception) checks and an inability to see colors. Darkvision is better than nothing, but it is no substitute for a proper light source, particularly when checking for traps or keeping an eye out for secrets and treasure. I also remind players that whenever they are within the area of a source of light – whether from an ally, the environment, or an NPC or monster – that light prevents the use of their darkvision until they move out of the light. When I explain all of this to 5E players, they often choose to use light, even if they don’t “need” to, treating darkvision as more of a plan B, or an option for stealthing apart from the group.

Monsters face the same limitation. Whether an intelligent monster decides to rely on darkvision or use light typically reflects its level of confidence in its place in the dungeon hierarchy. Those confident in their control of the space use light. Those fearful of discovery favor the darkness.

Of course, an intelligent monster with 120’ darkvision will rely on the darkness more often than a creature possessing typical 60' darkvision, because it expects that it will have an edge. Creatures with tremorsense, blindsight, and similar abilities actually can functionally “see” in darkness as well as they can in light, so they do work in the way that many players think darkvision works. Creatures with those senses actually will completely skip light, for the most part. This makes them significantly scarier opponents in their native environment than creatures with mere darkvision.

If I was going to go further in houseruling this issue, I would take darkvision away from elves, and leave it to just the gnomes, dwarves, and tieflings. But even without altering the ancestry rules, darkvision can be brought into check simply by following the rules as written strictly.

It’s Impossible to Die in 5E

Let’s start with two easy caveats. First, simply removing 5E’s playculture presumption of level-appropriate encounters solves part of this problem. Even the most optimally constructed low-level 5E characters are not going to last long if they arrive at Arden Vul and beeline for the lair of Craastonistorex, the old and powerful green dragon. Once the players realize that difficulty is dictated by where they go and what they do – not what is appropriate for their current level – they will act more prudently.

Second, at very low levels, the problem isn’t really that pronounced anyway. Low-level PCs in 5E are much tougher than B/X or OSE characters, but they can still go down after just a few hits. The death saves system usually gives them a few chances to survive, but a deadly dungeon can kill many PCs outright through massive damage from falls and traps. In combat, monsters can also opportunistically focus on downed characters and quickly finish them off. Remember that any source of damage to a character on death's door equals a failed death save. Lowly goblins or kobolds become much scarier when they drag a downed PC away into the darkness, rather than “fighting fair” and engaging the PCs who are still standing.

But beyond those two caveats, I acknowledge the issue OP raises. At about level 5, 5E PCs get a lot stronger, and they don’t slow down from there. PCs in 5E at middle to high levels create a series of interrelated issues for DMs who want to run a megadungeon game that cares about exploration, time, and resources. I believe there are at least four interrelated issues that cause problems here:

• 5E PCs have massive amounts of HP
• 5E PCs have a lot of resources to replenish HP
• Both play culture and player powers make it unlikely that PCs will get lost, captured, or otherwise separated from safe locations where they can rest and recover 
• Modern play culture presumes little or no time pressure, so choosing to rest does not come with an inherent cost

A few different adjudication techniques and house rules can solve a lot of these problems. We'll cover those next week.

Next week: Death, Magic, and Cats

Pantheon Prompts: Questions for Fantasy Deities

Deities are too dull in too many RPGs. We can do better by randomizing inputs, but sometimes we need to study use other solutions. 

Browse these two Wikipedia entries: Janus, the ancient Roman god and a typical RPG fantasy god, like Azuth from the Forgotten Realms. They are radically different. And I mean beyond the obvious difference, in the sense that one article is summarizing mythology while the other was created as gameable content. The differences prompt a number of questions that can make fantasy deities more interesting.

What are the deity’s spheres of influence, and which of those have nothing to do with dungeons? At least half of a deity’s spheres of influence or domains should have no direct connection to adventuring. A good worldbuilding tool is to consider how much the supernatural and divine is applied to mundane, real-world problems, as I discussed when writing about trade magic.

What is named in this deity’s honor? The real world is flush with honorary words. Months, days of the week, cities, and people are easy ones, but the influence can be less direct. Think about how morphine comes from Morpheus, or how the atlas is literally named after Atlas.

What rituals do their followers observe? This is a big one that TTRPGs tend to ignore. But rituals are central to religions both historical and contemporary, and it is a missed opportunity to leave them out of worldbuilding.

What are the aesthetics and purposes of their temples? Places of worship should not be abstracted or generic. Structures and civilizations are integral to the worship of the gods. The god of lightning’s shrine is atop the tallest tower in the city, covered in a tangle of conductive copper aerials. The god of disease’s temple is within a decommissioned sewage treatment plant. You get the idea.

In what secret places are they worshipped? Public worship and cult worship should tell us something about both the religion in question and the society surrounding it. Remember that cults are a function of how society understands that religion, not just an internal moral quality associated with the deity itself.

What are their relationships with other gods? I don’t mean the usual “the life god and the death god hate each other” RPG stuff. That’s fine, for what it is, but it is not going to make these deities seem alive. Classical pantheons often featured siblings, spouses, and children among the gods. The Greek and Norse pantheons keep reappearing in new fiction because those remain compelling relationships, even as more complex (but also abstracted) fantasy pantheons blur into the background. 

What is their priesthood like? Do they even have one? If yes, are the practitioners locals? Do they choose to become priests when they reach adulthood, or were they raised expecting this to be their purpose? Are they assigned by some distant authority, or elevated by the local community? You don’t have to answer every question, but answering at least a few will make them much more real.

Where does the deity reside? Again, think through this. “The fire god lives on the fire plane” is intuitive, and we don’t want to subvert expectations just for the sake of doing it. But “the fire god lives in the Slagmouth, the fourth incarnation in this world of the ever-erupting world-heart, born astride the corpse of the titan Jokulos, who legends say claimed the first burning fire from deep within the earth…” OK, that’s a little purple, but the players are probably awake and looking at you with curious/worried expressions, right?

What beliefs about this deity are contested? This is a big one. TTRPG rulebooks give players the impression that every god is a known quantity to everyone in that world, with their purpose and ethos conveniently compressed in table format. Even in a world where gods are demonstrably real, there would still be a great deal of ambiguity and disagreement about a particular god’s priorities, desires, and goals. Most fantasy worlds presume that deities still must communicate their liturgy through priests, and even spellcasting clerics only have the broadest and loosest ways to divine the divine’s will, at least at low levels. As I’ve said before, D&D’s cleric spell list actually does a great job of illustrating how cleric’s very gradually get more and more insight into their deity as they level up, from a crude thumbs up / thumbs down for Augury, all the way up through the ability to Gate to the deity’s plane of existence and ask them questions directly. This ambiguity about divine intent should be expressed in the books and come through in-session more often. 

What is the etymology of their name? Not every game needs this, but it can be fun. Consistent use of language is going to show that a lot of thought went into the worldbuilding. You don’t need to create an entire constructed language or etymological tree. Use shortcuts, like using Latin-derived words for all the lawful religions, and German-derived words for all the chaotic religions.  

Rolling for Shoes and Quantum Gaming

I greatly enjoy "quantum" game mechanics. In this context, all that means is some aspect of the game that would typically be predefined is left undefined until its definition is specifically required by the events of the game. Various games use quantum mechanics without naming them, but one of my favorite articulations is this one by Luka Rejec. 

In a pinch, I would probably use Roll For Shoes by Ben Wray, or freeD6 down the line by Liche’s Libram for a quantum chassis. I particularly like the idea that basically anything can be a character skill (allowing for quantum character construction and a negotiated understanding of the game scenario), but that the randomness of the dice ensures that characters have choices and risk/reward calculations; they can’t just add skills indiscriminately, or they’ll end up with low ones that the GM can force them to test. These games also require nomic negotiation between the players to decide how to interrupt unclear overlaps and edge cases.

I do want to try running Roll For Shoes as-is, but I have also put some thought into a slight variation on it that makes it less of a d6 die pool system and lets it tack closer to D&D abilities and d20 resolution. All you need are 3d6 and 2d20, as well as a way to take notes. So you can run this game entirely from your phone, if needed. The game requires at least one GM and at least one player, although it could be played solo with an "oracle" replacing the GM.

The procedure is as follows:

1. The group chooses a genre. The GM should be at least as familiar with the genre as the player or players are. 
2. Choose a goal. It should be very general, but within the confines of the genre. Don’t think too much about who the characters are yet. A goal could be “defeat the evil overlord” or “win the reality TV show” or “steal the huge diamond from the gallery.”
3. Each player chooses a very minimal character concept. This should be as bare-bones as possible. It could be an occupation, a background, or something else. Basically a one-sentence premise, just enough to explain why this person is present in the opening scene.
4. The GM begins the game. Play starts with an opening scene, usually something that will bring the characters together (if there is more than one) and either establish how they know each other or allow them to meet for the first time.
5. When a PC has to do something uncertain, they roll 3d6. This becomes their permanent ability stat (or skill, or whatever term you prefer) for that action.
6. Whenever a player needs to test that stat (including immediately after that first 3d6 roll), they roll d20. A result equal to or lower than their stat is a success. The GM may give them advantage or disadvantage on the roll.
7. If a player rolls something really low on 3d6, they can choose not to test it and can try to approach the situation in a different way. But the result of that 3d6 roll stays on their character sheet.
8. Failed d20 rolls create new antagonists, hazards, obstacles, complications, or other threats. This could be anything in the story that the GM can use to trip up the players. The GM writes it down, along with the number that the player rolled that resulted in the failure. So if the player has an Argue stat of 13, and then rolls a 16 on a test when trying to convince the studio boss to greenlight their movie, the GM notes “Studio Boss: 16.” 
9. Whenever a number associated with a threat is rolled by anyone, that threat can reappear. It doesn’t matter if a different player rolls the number, or if the PC whose failure led to the creation of the threat is present or not, or even if the roll in this instance was a success (because it is rolling against a higher stat). If the GM thinks it makes sense for the threat to appear, it can happen.
10. The story ends whenever everyone thinks it has reached a natural ending. Or…
11. Alternately, the story can end when the game reaches a predetermined number of one or more of the following criteria:
1. Successes. X successful checks against stats are enough to complete the goal.
2. Failures. X failed rolls on stats are enough for the goal to fail.
3. Threats. X threats created are enough to ensure the PCs will fail to complete the goal.
4. Stats. Each character can have only X stats, maximum. Once they’ve reached this maximum, their next failure will knock them out of the story in some fashion or another. If all the PCs are knocked out, they fail to complete the goal.

I'm keeping this in my back pocket in case I need a quick, improvised RPG. If I have an opportunity to try this, I will report back.

Using Boring Meetings to Design Dungeons

The modern world is filled with a certain number of boring, pointless meetings. Maybe the meeting itself is pointless. Or maybe you are simply an ancillary attendee who should have been left off the invitation. For whatever reason, you are stuck here until the meeting ends. With nothing else to keep it busy, your mind wanders back to the dungeon. 

Every time a new participant in the boring meeting talks, try to write down the first remotely interesting word you hear them say that is either a noun, an adjective, or a verb. If they’re talking fast, you might only catch one or two of those words. That’s OK. These are loose guidelines, not strict rules. Keep writing down words until you have at least one verb, one noun, and one adjective. Cluster these in groups until you have a handful of them.

Nouns Are Rooms

Each noun defines the purpose or status of a room in the dungeon that you are creating. Sometimes this will be very literal, like the word “store” suggesting a storehouse. Other times the room you create will only have the vaguest trace of the origin word. Some words will not work at all, but try doing some free association before you give up on a noun that doesn’t have any dungeon energy. You may find it takes you to some unexpected places.

Adjectives Are Contents

Adjectives elaborate on what is in the room. This can take many forms, but the following are good places to start.

Aesthetics: What does the room look like? Smell like? Sound like? 

Purpose: The noun may imply what the room is for, but an adjective that pushes back against that implication may suggest a change in purpose. Integral to many classic dungeons is the idea that a room’s purpose has changed over time.

Occupants: Adjectives can strongly suggest who or what uses a room or has been there recently.

Verbs Are Current Events 

Verbs can suggest monsters, NPCs, and other dungeon activity. They can also suggest hazards, environmental effects, and weather. The random encounters table is a good place to start thinking about verbs. What is happening right now? What happened recently? What will happen soon? If the room is not an empty room, the verb may be the best clue toward what a monster is doing, how a trap threatens interlopers, or how a trick or special feature presents itself to the explorer.

An Example: The Questioning Device

I listened and wrote down the noun "question," the adjective "technological," and the verb "counting."

“Question” could mean many things, from a scrying pool to a riddle. I will make our “question” room an interrogation room. This is a pretty literal interpretation and gives us a grounded place to start.

“Technological” could go in a few directions. The torture machine from The Princess Bride, for example. Perhaps there is a techno-magical machine in this space. Whatever its original purpose, the current dungeon occupants use it to interrogate prisoners.

“Counting” is a great verb because it suggests both subject and object – someone is counting and someone or something is being counted. Perhaps one of a number of prisoners has escaped? A headcount is happening, or has just happened, and the captors have discovered that someone ins missing. They are now using the Questioning Device to try to force the remaining prisoners to tell them where the escapee went.

And so we have a fully formed room. 

Pay Attention, Class

Am I suggesting you be lazy? Rude? Disrespectful to the organizer of your boring meeting? Well, yes and no.

Yes, it is true that I am suggesting you slack off a bit. But I did preface it by saying I was talking about meetings that were unimportant, unnecessary, or overly broad in terms of invitees.

And for what it’s worth, I think this game is a way of genuinely paying attention. The worst sort of inattention is the full-on daydream, where you are thinking about a dungeon that has nothing to do with the meeting. At least in this model, you are paying a minimum level of attention in order to catch those prompt words. Your brain may subconsciously catch more detail than you expect, just because you have given it an ulterior (and more interesting) reason to care.